干湿耦合厌氧发酵工艺设计与发酵特性试验

针对目前大中型沼气工程存在原料单一及沼液沼渣处理难的问题,提出了干法发酵与湿法发酵相结合的干湿耦合厌氧发酵工艺,即畜禽粪便采用湿发酵,将湿法发酵产生的沼液沼渣与秸秆混合进行干法发酵.并研究了干湿耦合比例——沼液沼渣与秸秆比例(BRSR)及干法发酵渗滤液回流对发酵特性的影响,结果表明,随着湿干比例的增加启动时间缩短、产气量增加;干法发酵的渗滤液总固体质量分数为1％以下,达到了固液分离的效果,有利于循环利用和喷淋,解决了湿法厌氧发酵沼液沼渣处理难的问题,实现了沼液的循环利用.     

牛粪高温干式厌氧发酵产沼气性能试验

研究了牛粪原料高温(55℃)干式厌氧发酵过程中产气效果和物料参数的变化规律.结果表明:接种比例3:10、8 r/min连续搅拌条件下,物料TS(总固体)产气率为311 mL/g,甲烷平均体积分数为57.1％,平均容积产气率为2.73L/(L·d);容积产气率在第3天达到最高,为5.23 L/(L·d);反应初期挥发性脂肪酸迅速积累,1d后即达到峰值,随后迅速减少;在反应初期pH值略有下降,随后逐渐升高;氨氮质量浓度和总碱度则一直呈上升趋势.     

浅析泥浆漏失的预防与处理

对泥浆漏失的原因,进行具体分析,并提出了泥浆漏失处理方案;对岩层的漏失地段,采用不同泥浆性能,使钻探工艺更加合理。     

莴苣叶子沼气发酵潜力的研究

本实验以莴苣叶子为原料,采用批量发酵工艺,进行发酵产沼气实验,实验结果表明,莴苣叶子是一种较好的沼气发酵原料,其沼气发酵潜力为747mL/gTS,809mL/gVS。     

Bacterial community structure and microbial activity in different soils amended with biogas residues and cattle slurry

Anaerobic digestion of organic materials generates residues of differing chemical composition compared to undigested animal manures, which may affect the soil microbial ecosystem differently when used as fertilizers. This study investigated the effects of two biogas residues (BR-A and BR-B) and cattle slurry (CS) applied at rates corresponding to 70 kg NH₄⁺-N ha⁻¹ on bacterial community structure and microbial activity in three soils of different texture (a sandy, a clay and an organic clay soil). 16S rRNA genes were targeted in PCR reactions and bacterial community profiles visualized using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. General microbial activity was measured as basal respiration (B-resp), substrate-induced respiration (SIR), specific growth rate (μ_SIR), metabolic quotient (qCO₂) and nitrogen mineralization capacity (NMC). Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis visualized shifts in bacterial community structure related to microbial functions. There were significant differences in bacterial community structure after 120 days of incubation (+20 °C at 70% of WHC) between non-amended (control) and amended soils, especially in the sandy soil, where CS caused a more pronounced shift than biogas residues. Terminal-restriction fragment (TRF) 307, the predominant peak in CS-amended sandy soil, was identified as possibly Bacillus or Streptococcus. TRF 226, the dominant peak in organic soil amended with BR-B, was classified as Rhodopseudomonas. B-resp significantly increased and SIR decreased in all amendments to organic soil compared with the control, potentially indicating decreased efficiency of heterotrophic microorganisms to convert organic carbon into microbial biomass. This was also reflected in an elevated qCO₂ in the organic soil. The μ_SIR level was higher in the sandy soil amended with BR-A than with BR-B or CS, indicating a shift toward species capable of rapidly utilizing glucose. NMC was significantly elevated in the clay and organic soils amended with BR-A and BR-B and in the sandy soil amended with BR-B and CS. Thus, biogas residues and cattle slurry had different effects on the bacterial community structure and microbial activity in the three soils. However, the effects of biogas residues on microbial activities were comparable in magnitude to those of cattle slurry and the bacterial community structure was less affected. Therefore, we do not see any reason not to recommend using biogas residues as fertilizers based on the results presented.     

畜禽粪便成分快速测定方法的比较研究

介绍了粪污计、电导仪、氨电极、粪污氮含量计量仪、反射计、快速在线畜禽粪便肥料成分检测系统等6种畜禽粪便肥料成分快速测定装置的工作原理和使用方法，阐述了上述各种快速测定装置的精度及适用范围，就各种方法的优劣进行了分析比较。与传统实验室法相比，6种快速测定方法简便、快速，具有一定的实用和推广价值，其中粪污计和电导笔成本较低，可完成氮、磷、钾和铵态氮含量的测定；快速在线畜禽粪便肥料成分检测系统能够较准确地测定粪便中铵态氮和磷的含量，但检测钾的准确度不高，且仪器设备昂贵，对运行环境要求高，稳定性差，对于固体粪便的检测能力较差。     

酒精废液清洁处理技术评析

通过系统介绍国内外糖蜜酒精废液的处理技术和工艺,对排灌法、浓缩焚烧法、生物氧化法和活性腐植酸法等糖蜜酒精废液处理方法的优缺点进行分析对比,推荐了适合我国区域经济发展的活性腐植酸法。     

山西户用型沼渣的全量N、P、K含量分析

以山西省生态农业科技示范园区中的农户沼气池中的沼渣为研究对象,研究不同起始发酵温度、不同发酵原料经厌氧发酵后产生沼渣的全量N、P、K含量。试验结果表明:在不同发酵温度条件下,相同原料产生沼渣的全量N、P、K含量在中温条件下含量最高。在中温条件下,以鸡猪牛粪便混合原料产生的沼渣N、P、K较高,全N含量比猪粪便原料和牛粪便原料分别提高了7.89%和24.14%,全P含量分别提高了1.54%和4.34%,全钾含量分别提高了31.72%和20.81%。     

沼液综合利用研究进展

阐述了沼液的养分状况,综述了其作为肥料、浸种剂、农药和饲料掺拌剂等的应用现状,提出了进一步研究的方向.     

重庆农村有机废弃物产沼气潜力估算及减排效益

农业是温室气体的主要排放源,减少农业源温室气体排放对控制全球气候变化有重要作用。充分利用农村有机废弃物发展农村沼气,减少温室气体排放,对推动低碳农业有着重要意义。对重庆农村有机废弃物产沼气潜力进行定量估算,并分析了温室气体减排的效益,为重庆市发展低碳农业提供参考。